Electrochemical-biological hybrid conversion of captured carbon dioxide to bioproducts

conversion platforms and classifies hybrid systems by electron-transfer mode, process configuration, intermediate type, and target product. Reported systems are compared across five product classes: microbial biomass and single-cell protein, monomers and biopolymers, organic acids and small molecules, fatty acids and lipids, and alcohols and biofuels. Most studies remain at the laboratory scale, and further progress requires improved electrochemical output concentration and purity, C1/C2 assimilation, redox balancing, host tolerance, and reactor compatibility. Overall, development of these systems will depend on matching electrochemical outputs and process configurations with the metabolic and redox requirements of target products, rather than optimizing the two modules independently.