Transdermal Insulin Delivery for Type 1 Diabetes Using Reverse Electrodialysis and Ionic Liquid Technology Based on a Size-Dependent Protein Delivery Study

Transdermal or topical skin delivery of protein therapeutics is currently limited due to the large molecular size of proteins and the dense structure of the skin. Although some nanoparticles and enhancers have been used to increase skin penetration and protein stability, few studies have examined the effect of protein size or the combination of enhancers on skin penetration. Here, we introduce Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Pluronic F-127-based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) to load different-sized proteins, including insulin (INS), trypsin inhibitor (TI), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and diamine oxidase (DAO). Utilizing a reverse electrodialysis (RED) battery and an ionic liquid (IL) system, we facilitated the delivery of protein-loaded PNPs (Protein_PNPs) up to depths of approximately 290 μm for INS and 153 μm for DAO noninvasively. When applied to the in vivo …