A Personalized Cancer Vaccine that Induces Synergistic Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Abstract To demonstrate potent efficacy, a cancer vaccine needs to activate both innate and adaptive immune cells. Personalized cancer vaccine strategies often require the identification of patient‐specific neoantigens; however, the clonal and mutational heterogeneity of cancer cells presents inherent challenges. Here, extracellular nanovesicles derived from alpha‐galactosylceramide‐conjugated autologous acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells (ECNV‐ α GC) are presented as a personalized therapeutic vaccine that activates both innate and adaptive immune responses, bypassing the need to identify patient‐specific neoantigens. ECNV‐ α GC vaccination directly engages with and activates both invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and leukemia‐specific CD8 + T cells in mice with AML, thereby promoting long‐term anti‐leukemic immune memory. ECNV‐ α GC sufficiently serves as an antigen‐presenting pl…